The first thing you notice is the absence. No face, no eyes, no flame-haired alien staring back. Just a single black five-pointed star sitting dead center on a field of white, and beneath it a row of small jagged fragments, like pieces broken off the main shape and scattered across the floor of the sleeve. For an artist who built half a century on faces and personas, this silence is the loudest statement on the cover of ★ (Blackstar).

The design came from Jonathan Barnbrook, who had built the look of 2013's The Next Day and returned here to work directly with David Bowie rather than through any management buffer. Barnbrook described the artwork as the portrait of a man facing his own mortality, choosing the ★ symbol for its finality, its darkness, its simplicity. Strip everything away and you are left with this: a black hole punched into white, the most basic mark a child draws to mean star, here drained of all twinkle.

Look at those fragments along the bottom. They are not random debris. The segments are arranged to spell out the word Bowie, a quiet nod back to the glam rock heritage he was burning down even as he signed off. The eye reads them as shards first, letters second, which is exactly the trick: a name dissolving in front of you, present and disappearing at once.

Barnbrook loaded the white space with secrets you cannot see on a screen. The title itself was deliberately set as a unicode character, a symbol pulled from the world of emoji, an album you could type but barely pronounce. He pointed to the graphic capital A of the A Clockwork Orange poster as an influence behind the sharp symbol shapes. And the physical object holds more: open the vinyl gatefold, remove the record, shine a strong light through it, and a hidden field of stars lights up the front. Fans kept digging and finding further details buried in the sleeve, which Barnbrook later confirmed and unpacked on BBC Radio 6 Music.

There was no photograph of Bowie on the front, the first time that had ever been true of one of his covers. But he had not vanished entirely from the package. Inside, photography by his longtime collaborator Jimmy King captured what are believed to be the final images of him. One of those pictures was overlaid with a grid of lines that Barnbrook explained as the depression a star makes in spacetime: gravity rendered as graphic design, a heavy body warping the space around it.

The album arrived on 8 January 2016, Bowie's 69th birthday, released through ISO, Columbia and Sony, its art rock and jazz rock and experimental sprawl wrapped in this stark monochrome shell. Two days later he was gone. The black star stopped being a symbol and became an epitaph, and Blackstar topped charts around the world as the farewell it now plainly was.

Barnbrook responded by giving the artwork away. He released the Blackstar design under a Creative Commons licence so fans could share and remix it noncommercially, a tribute that turned a closed final image into something the public could carry forward. The design went on to win Best Recording Package at the 59th Grammy Awards, Beazley Graphic Design of the Year at the Design Museum in London, and the Grand Prix at the Tokyo Type Directors Club Awards in 2017. In 2017 the Royal Mail turned the black star into a commemorative stamp, the simplest possible mark stuck to envelopes and posted around a country still grieving.

That is the strange power of this cover. It is almost nothing, a shape and some splinters on white, yet it manages to say everything about endings: clean, dark, final, and somehow full of light if you hold it up the right way.